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<title>Inference-based therapy</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Inference-based therapy</span></span>

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<p><b>Inference-based therapy</b> (IBT), also known as <b>inference-based cognitive behavioral therapy</b> (I-CBT),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originated as a form of <a href="Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">cognitive therapy</a> developed for treating <a href="Obsessive-compulsive_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsessive-compulsive disorder">obsessive-compulsive disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IBT followed the observation that people with OCD often inferred danger on the basis of inverse inference (inferring reality from hypothetical premises).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the model was extended to <a href="Inferential_confusion" title="Inferential confusion">inferential confusion</a>, where inverse inference leads to distrust of the senses and investment in remote possibility.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this model, individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder are hypothesized to put a greater emphasis on an imagined possibility than on what can be perceived with the senses, and to confuse the imagined possibility with reality (inferential confusion).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to inference-based therapy, obsessional thinking occurs when the person replaces reality and real probabilities with imagined possibilities; the obsession is hypothesized to concern a doubt about a possible state of affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>According to inference-based therapy, individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder attempt to resolve the doubt by modifying reality (via compulsions and neutralizations) which merely increase the imaginary pathological doubt rather than resolve it since reality is not the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obsessions are hypothesized to begin with the initial doubt (“Maybe I could be dirty”) which is not a normal intrusion but a sign that the person is already in obsessional thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Inference-based therapy hypothesizes that the doubt and investment in possibilities leave the person vulnerable to spiral into further imagined connections and dissociative absorption in what could further transpire.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Inference-based therapy was developed in the late 1990s for treating obsessive-compulsive disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the model was developed mostly for obsessive-compulsive disorder with overt compulsions and for individuals presenting obsessive-compulsive disorder with overvalued ideas (i.e., obsessions with a bizarre content and strongly invested by the individual, such as feeling dirty after seeing a dirty person), given that the model revolves around the imaginative, often idiosyncratic nature of the obsession.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The model was expanded to all types of obsessions and compulsions. Inference-based therapy is now applied to anyone of the OCD spectrum disorder and believed to be applicable to other disorders as well.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_model">Theoretical model</h2></div>

<p>According to inference-based therapy, obsessional doubt (obsessions) result from a narrative constituted by a specific inductive-reasoning style characterized by a distrust of the senses and an overinvestment in remote possibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals become absorbed in an imagined possibility forming the obsessional doubt (“perhaps my hands are dirty”) at the expense of what can be perceived with the senses in the here and now (“my eyes tell me that hands are clean”). The imagined possibility seems so credible that individuals live this possibility as if it were true, and experience physiological reactions, feelings of anxiety, and compulsions that are congruent with the imagined scenario and become immersed in the obsessional doubt.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to inference-based therapy, individuals are more prone to experience specific obsessions in some and not other areas because the content reflects an underlying vulnerable self-theme (e.g., “I might be the type of person who is neglectful”).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2></div>

<p>The goal of inference-based therapy is to reorient clients towards trusting the senses and relating to reality in a normal, non-effortful way.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Differences between normal and obsessional doubts are presented, and clients are encouraged to use their senses and reasoning as they do in non-obsessive-compulsive disorder situations. The exact moment where clients cross over from reality to a possibility is identified, and clients are invited to go back to reality, use their senses, and tolerate the void of trusting the senses rather than enacting compulsive behaviors. The key premise is that if the client trusts themselves and their senses, then OCD cannot exist.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Empirical_support">Empirical support</h2></div>

<p>There is some empirical support for main premises of inference-based therapy regarding the role of inductive reasoning processes, the imagination, and inferential confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also evidence for the efficacy of inference-based therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFAardemaBouchardKoszyckiLavoie2022" class="citation journal cs1">Aardema, Frederick; Bouchard, Stéphane; Koszycki, Diana; Lavoie, Marc E.; Audet, Jean-Sebastien; O’Connor, Kieron (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/524425">"Evaluation of Inference-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial with Three Treatment Modalities"</a>. <i>Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics</i>. <b>91</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">348–</span>359. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000524425">10.1159/000524425</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-3190">0033-3190</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorAardemaPélissier2005" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Kieron Philip; Aardema, Frederick; Pélissier, Marie-Claude (2005). <i>Beyond reasonable doubt: reasoning processes in obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders</i> (Repr ed.). Chichester: Wiley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-470-86877-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobillard1995" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connor, Kieron; Robillard, Sophie (1995). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/000579679500042V">"Inference processes in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Some clinical observations"</a></span>. <i><a href="Behaviour_Research_and_Therapy" title="Behaviour Research and Therapy">Behaviour Research and Therapy</a></i>. <b>33</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">887–</span>896. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0005-7967%2895%2900042-V">10.1016/0005-7967(95)00042-V</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFO’ConnorRobillard1999" class="citation journal cs1">O’Connor, Kieron; Robillard, Sophie (1999). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connect.springerpub.com/lookup/doi/10.1891/0889-8391.13.4.359">"A Cognitive Approach to the Treatment of Primary Inferences in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy</i>. <b>13</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">359–</span>375. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1891%2F0889-8391.13.4.359">10.1891/0889-8391.13.4.359</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0889-8391">0889-8391</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAardemaO’ConnorEmmelkampMarchand2005" class="citation journal cs1">Aardema, Frederick; O’Connor, Kieron P.; Emmelkamp, Paul M.G.; Marchand, André; Todorov, Christo (2005). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0005796704000683">"Inferential confusion in obsessive–compulsive disorder: the inferential confusion questionnaire"</a></span>. <i>Behaviour Research and Therapy</i>. <b>43</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">293–</span>308. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brat.2004.02.003">10.1016/j.brat.2004.02.003</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2002" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connor, Kieron (2002). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpp.303">"Intrusions and inferences in obsessive compulsive disorder"</a></span>. <i>Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">38–</span>46. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcpp.303">10.1002/cpp.303</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1063-3995">1063-3995</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorAardema2003" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connor, Kieron; Aardema, Frederick (2003). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2466/pr0.2003.93.1.227">"Fusion or Confusion in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder"</a></span>. <i>Psychological Reports</i>. <b>93</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">227–</span>232. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpr0.2003.93.1.227">10.2466/pr0.2003.93.1.227</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-2941">0033-2941</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorAardema2011" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Kieron; Aardema, Frederick (2011-11-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119960027"><i>Clinician's Handbook for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Inference-Based Therapy</i></a> (1 ed.). Wiley. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119960027">10.1002/9781119960027</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-470-68409-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAardemaEmmelkampO'Connor2005" class="citation journal cs1">Aardema, Frederick; Emmelkamp, Paul M. G.; O'Connor, Kieron P. (2005). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpp.464">"Inferential confusion, cognitive change and treatment outcome in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder"</a></span>. <i>Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy</i>. <b>12</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">337–</span>345. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcpp.464">10.1002/cpp.464</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1063-3995">1063-3995</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorKoszegiAardemavan_Niekerk2009" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connor, Kieron; Koszegi, Natalia; Aardema, Frederick; van Niekerk, Jan; Taillon, Annie (2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1077722909000947">"An Inference-Based Approach to Treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders"</a></span>. <i>Cognitive and Behavioral Practice</i>. <b>16</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">420–</span>429. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cbpra.2009.05.001">10.1016/j.cbpra.2009.05.001</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAardemaO’Connor2007" class="citation journal cs1">Aardema, Frederick; O’Connor, Kieron (2007). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connect.springerpub.com/lookup/doi/10.1891/088983907781494573">"The Menace Within: Obsessions and the Self"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy</i>. <b>21</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">182–</span>197. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1891%2F088983907781494573">10.1891/088983907781494573</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0889-8391">0889-8391</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJulienO’ConnorAardema2016" class="citation journal cs1">Julien, Dominic; O’Connor, Kieron; Aardema, Frederick (2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165032716302130">"The inference-based approach to obsessive-compulsive disorder: A comprehensive review of its etiological model, treatment efficacy, and model of change"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Affective Disorders</i>. <b>202</b>: <span class="nowrap">187–</span>196. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jad.2016.05.060">10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.060</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAardemaO'Connor2012" class="citation journal cs1">Aardema, Frederick; O'Connor, Kieron (2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0005791611001315">"Dissolving the tenacity of obsessional doubt: Implications for treatment outcome"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry</i>. <b>43</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">855–</span>861. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbtep.2011.12.006">10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.12.006</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAardemaWuCareauO’Connor2010" class="citation journal cs1">Aardema, Frederick; Wu, Kevin D.; Careau, Yves; O’Connor, Kieron; Julien, Dominic; Dennie, Susan (2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10862-009-9157-x">"The Expanded Version of the Inferential Confusion Questionnaire: Further Development and Validation in Clinical and Non-Clinical Samples"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment</i>. <b>32</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">448–</span>462. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10862-009-9157-x">10.1007/s10862-009-9157-x</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-2689">0882-2689</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDel_BorrelloO'Connor2014" class="citation journal cs1">Del Borrello, Loide; O'Connor, Kieron (2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guilfordjournals.com/doi/10.1521/ijct.2014.7.1.43">"The Role of Obsessive Beliefs and Inferential Confusion in Predicting Treatment Outcomes for Different Subtypes of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder"</a></span>. <i>International Journal of Cognitive Therapy</i>. <b>7</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">43–</span>66. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1521%2Fijct.2014.7.1.43">10.1521/ijct.2014.7.1.43</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1866%2F10919">1866/10919</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1937-1209">1937-1209</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorAardemaBouthillierFournier2005" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connor, K. P.; Aardema, F.; Bouthillier, D.; Fournier, S.; Guay, S.; Robillard, S.; Pélissier, M. C.; Landry, P.; Todorov, C.; Tremblay, M.; Pitre, D. (2005-09-05). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16506070510041211">"Evaluation of an Inference-Based Approach to Treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder"</a></span>. <i>Cognitive Behaviour Therapy</i>. <b>34</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">148–</span>163. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F16506070510041211">10.1080/16506070510041211</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1650-6073">1650-6073</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVisservan_Megenvan_OppenEikelenboom2015" class="citation journal cs1">Visser, Henny A.; van Megen, Harold; van Oppen, Patricia; Eikelenboom, Merijn; Hoogendorn, Adriaan W.; Kaarsemaker, Maarten; van Balkom, Anton J. (2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/382131">"Inference-Based Approach versus Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder with Poor Insight: A 24-Session Randomized Controlled Trial"</a></span>. <i>Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics</i>. <b>84</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">284–</span>293. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000382131">10.1159/000382131</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-3190">0033-3190</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icbt.online/what-is-icbt/">"What is I-CBT?"</a>. <i>Inference-based Cognitive-Behavorial Therapy</i>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Cognitive_behavioral_therapy_(list)213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> (<a href="List_of_cognitive%E2%80%93behavioral_therapies" title="List of cognitive–behavioral therapies">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">Acceptance and commitment therapy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Functional_contextualism" title="Functional contextualism">Functional contextualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_frame_theory" title="Relational frame theory">Relational frame theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-as-context" title="Self-as-context">Self-as-context</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Behavior_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavior therapy">Behavior therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavioral_activation" title="Behavioral activation">Behavioral activation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_analytic_therapy" title="Cognitive analytic therapy">Cognitive analytic therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_behavioral_analysis_system_of_psychotherapy" title="Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy">Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">Cognitive therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_reinforcement_approach_and_family_training" title="Community reinforcement approach and family training">Community reinforcement approach and family training</a></li>

<li><a href="Compassion-focused_therapy" title="Compassion-focused therapy">Compassion-focused therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">Contingency management</a></li>

<li><a href="Desensitization_(psychology)" title="Desensitization (psychology)">Desensitization</a> / <a href="Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">Exposure therapy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Direct_therapeutic_exposure" title="Direct therapeutic exposure">Direct therapeutic exposure</a></li>

<li><a href="Exposure_and_response_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposure and response prevention">Exposure and response prevention</a></li>

<li><a href="Flooding_(psychology)" title="Flooding (psychology)">Flooding</a></li>

<li><a href="Prolonged_exposure_therapy" title="Prolonged exposure therapy">Prolonged exposure therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Systematic_desensitization" title="Systematic desensitization">Systematic desensitization</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">Dialectical behavior therapy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Biosocial_theory" title="Biosocial theory">Biosocial theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Distress_tolerance" title="Distress tolerance">Distress tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Emotional self-regulation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Functional_analytic_psychotherapy" title="Functional analytic psychotherapy">Functional analytic psychotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Habit_reversal_training" title="Habit reversal training">Habit reversal training</a></li>

<li><a href="Metacognitive_therapy" title="Metacognitive therapy">Metacognitive therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Method_of_levels" title="Method of levels">Method of levels</a></li>

<li><a href="Mindfulness-based_cognitive_therapy" title="Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy">Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimodal_therapy" title="Multimodal therapy">Multimodal therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" title="Rational emotive behavior therapy">Rational emotive behavior therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Reality_therapy" title="Reality therapy">Reality therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Relapse_prevention" title="Relapse prevention">Relapse prevention</a></li>

<li><a href="Schema_therapy" title="Schema therapy">Schema therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-control_therapy" title="Self-control therapy">Self-control therapy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Obsessive–compulsive_disorder357" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Obsessive–compulsive_disorder357" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">Obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dimensional_Obsessive-Compulsive_Scale" title="Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale">Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale</a></li>

<li><a href="Yale%E2%80%93Brown_Obsessive_Compulsive_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale">Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale</a></li>

<li><a href="OCD_Awareness_Week" title="OCD Awareness Week">OCD Awareness Week</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Biology_of_obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Biology of obsessive–compulsive disorder">Biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Neuroanatomy21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neuroanatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">Basal ganglia</a> (<a href="Striatum" title="Striatum">striatum</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Orbitofrontal_cortex" title="Orbitofrontal cortex">Orbitofrontal cortex</a></li>

<li><a href="Cingulate_cortex" title="Cingulate cortex">Cingulate cortex</a></li>

<li><a href="Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor" title="Brain-derived neurotrophic factor">Brain-derived neurotrophic factor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Receptors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ Opioid</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symptoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Intrusive_thoughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusive thoughts">Obsessions</a> (<a href="Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">associative</a></li>

<li><a href="Arithmomania" title="Arithmomania">counting</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">diagnostic</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-harm" title="Self-harm">injurious</a></li>

<li><a href="Mysophobia" title="Mysophobia">pathogenic</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_obsessions" title="Sexual obsessions">sexual</a></li>

<li><a href="Scrupulosity" title="Scrupulosity">scrupulous</a></li>

<li><a href="Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetry</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Compulsive_behavior" title="Compulsive behavior">Compulsions</a> (<a href="Impulse_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Impulse (psychology)">impulses</a></li>

<li><a href="Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a></li>

<li><a href="Thought_suppression" title="Thought suppression">Thought suppression</a> (<a href="Experiential_avoidance" title="Experiential avoidance">Experiential avoidance</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Hoarding" title="Hoarding">Hoarding</a> (<a href="Animal_hoarding" title="Animal hoarding">animals</a></li>

<li><a href="Bibliomania" title="Bibliomania">books</a></li>

<li><a href="Hoarding_disorder" title="Hoarding disorder">possessions</a></li>

<li><a href="Compulsive_decluttering" title="Compulsive decluttering">decluttering</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Serotonergics42" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonergics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors182" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitalopram</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">Fluvoxamine</a></li>

<li><a href="Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">Paroxetine</a></li>

<li><a href="Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a></li>

<li><a href="Citalopram" title="Citalopram">Citalopram</a></li>

<li><a href="Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">Monoamine oxidase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Phenelzine" title="Phenelzine">Phenelzine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">Clomipramine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">Aripiprazole</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Inositol" title="Inositol">Inositol</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_brain_stimulation" title="Deep brain stimulation">Deep brain stimulation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Behavioral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">Acceptance and commitment therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> (<a href="Exposure_and_response_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposure and response prevention">Exposure and response prevention</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Metacognitive_therapy" title="Metacognitive therapy">Metacognitive therapy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Matchstick_Men" title="Matchstick Men">Matchstick Men</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Plyushkin" title="Plyushkin">Plyushkin</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Xenocide" title="Xenocide">Xenocide</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonfiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Everything_in_Its_Place" class="mw-redirect" title="Everything in Its Place">Everything in Its Place</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Just_Checking%3A_Scenes_From_the_Life_of_an_Obsessive-Compulsive" title="Just Checking: Scenes From the Life of an Obsessive-Compulsive">Just Checking</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><i><a href="The_Aviator_(2004_film)" title="The Aviator (2004 film)">The Aviator</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Matchstick_Men" title="Matchstick Men">Matchstick Men</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Adrian_Monk" title="Adrian Monk">Adrian Monk</a></i></li>

<li>"<a href="%24pringfield_(or%2C_How_I_Learned_to_Stop_Worrying_and_Love_Legalized_Gambling)" title="$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)">$pringfield</a>"</li>

<li><i><a href="Straight_Up_(2019_film)" title="Straight Up (2019 film)">Straight Up</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt (emotion)</a></li>

<li><a href="Illusion_of_control" title="Illusion of control">Illusion of control</a></li>

<li><a href="Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Obsessional_jealousy" title="Obsessional jealousy">Obsessional jealousy</a></li>

<li><a href="PANDAS" title="PANDAS">PANDAS</a></li>

<li><a href="Primarily_Obsessional_OCD" class="mw-redirect" title="Primarily Obsessional OCD">Primarily Obsessional OCD</a></li>

<li><a href="Questionable_cause" title="Questionable cause">Questionable cause</a></li>

<li><a href="Relationship_obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Relationship obsessive–compulsive disorder">Relationship obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social anxiety disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li>

<li><a href="Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_Florida_Obsessive%E2%80%93Compulsive_Disorder_Program" title="University of Florida Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Program">University of Florida Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Program</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-23" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Inference-based_therapy&oldid=1297046809">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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